Recent Progress of Innovative Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells

Recently, innovative perovskite hybrid solar cells have attracted great interest in solar cell research fields, such as dye-sensitized solar cells, organic photovoltaics, thin-film solar cells, and silicon solar cells, because their device efficiencies are gradually approaching those of crystalline Si solar cells, and they can be fabricated by cheap low-temperature solution processes. Here, we review the recent progress of innovative perovskite hybrid solar cells. The introduction includes the general concerns about solar cells and why we need innovative solar cells. The second part explains the structure and the material properties of hybrid perovskite materials. We focus on why the hybrid perovskite materials can exhibit excellent solar cell properties, such as high open-circuit voltage. The third part introduces recent progress in innovative perovskite hybrid solar cells, in terms of device architecture and deposition methods for dense perovskite thin films with full surface coverage. The device architecture is important in attaining high power conversion efficiency; the device operating mechanism is dependent on the device structure; and the pinhole-free dense perovskite thin films with full surface coverage are crucial for achieving high efficiency. Finally, we summarize the recent progress in perovskite hybrid solar cells, and the issues to be solved, in the summary and outlook section.     

Recent Advances in Counter Electrodes for Thiolate-mediated Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on disulfide/thiolate (T₂/T⁻) redox couples have attracted remarkable attention due to their high efficiency and low cost. As an indispensible part of DSSCs, counter electrode (CE) design plays a crucial role in high efficiency DSSCs. This mini-review paper selectively reviews the recent advances in T-mediated DSSCs using novel CE (namely cathode) materials, mainly including noble metal platinum (Pt), carbon materials, transition metal compounds (TMCs), polymers, and hybrids, thus highlighting the merits and demerits of alternative Pt catalysts, and the prospects and challenges of Pt-free CEs for the development of high-performance and low-cost DSSCs.     

美国生态主题科幻电影的启示

美国作为世界上科技最发达的国家,制作了数量巨大,主题多样,影响深远的科幻电影。通过抽取美国电影史上极具代表性的生态主题科幻电影作为样本,分析这些科幻影片所反映的人与自然的关系,以及科技发展与科幻电影的关系,对生态主题科幻电影进行哲学反思,希望有助于推动科技理性发展,同时维护科学技术与自然生态环境间和谐发展的关系。     

Coupling human mobility and social ties

Studies using massive, passively collected data from communication technologies have revealed many ubiquitous aspects of social networks, helping us understand and model social media, information diffusion and organizational dynamics. More recently, these data have come tagged with geographical information, enabling studies of human mobility patterns and the science of cities. We combine these two pursuits and uncover reproducible mobility patterns among social contacts. First, we introduce measures of mobility similarity and predictability and measure them for populations of users in three large urban areas. We find individuals'' visitations patterns are far more similar to and predictable by social contacts than strangers and that these measures are positively correlated with tie strength. Unsupervised clustering of hourly variations in mobility similarity identifies three categories of social ties and suggests geography is an important feature to contextualize social relationships. We find that the composition of a user''s ego network in terms of the type of contacts they keep is correlated with mobility behaviour. Finally, we extend a popular mobility model to include movement choices based on social contacts and compare its ability to reproduce empirical measurements with two additional models of mobility.     

推进绿色矿山建设工作与实践

建设绿色矿山是保证矿业可持续健康发展的必由之路,是实现科学发展观、社会和谐的必然选择。介绍了绿色矿山的定义和绿色矿山建设的重要性。从科创新、资源节约与综合利用、节能减排、地质灾害治理和环境保护、土地复垦、社区和谐以及企业文化方面总结了三鑫公司推进绿色矿山建设工作与实践。     

高校给排水科学与工程专业实习实效性探索

专业实习是给排水科学与工程专业重要的教学环节,对学生的能力培养起到了至关重要的作用。本文针对目前给排水科学与工程专业实习教学的现在和存在问题,特别是在卓越工程师教育培养的目标下,探讨为达到培养卓越工程师高级用于型人才的目的,提出了建立稳定的实习基地、多元化的考核方式,加强教师工程实践能力培养与合理利用实习经费等措施。     

高校科普与科学发展

从高校科普工作现状入手,分析了科普落后于时代发展的原因。而通才教育和国家竞争力的提升需要创新,通过科普培养逻辑思维有助于提高人才的创新能力。高校科普宣扬科学方法、科学思维和科学精神,有利于科技创新和科学发展。观念的转变以及学生社团、科协和政策的作用,为未来高校科普工作指明了方向。     

智慧社区居民的科普现状及需求研究——基于全国849份问卷的分析

了解在智慧社区建设和社区科普信息化双重背景下城市社区居民的智慧科普现状,掌握城市社区居民在科普渠道、内容和形式等方面的需求,探寻实现城市社区智慧科普、精准科普的有效途径和方法。通过对全国849份问卷调查的统计显示,居民科普需求集中在生存和生活层面、使用智慧平台(程序)频繁、居民从社区中获取科普知识有限、社区科普的满意度有待提高。为此,要以居民需求为导向,提供智慧化的精准服务,创新社区科普形式和渠道,完善社区与居民双向互动机制,整合社会组织和辖区单位的科普资源。     

Bibliometric analysis and mapping of publications on brewing science from 1940 to 2018

Over the last 80 years, malting and brewing has evolved through increased scientific understanding, driven by numerous factors including efficiency improvement, cost reduction, quality enhancement, risk minimisation, brand marketing and image enhancement. The aim of this work was to review the historical trends in global brewing research in order to identify current opportunities and emerging trends, as well as uncover future key drivers. A bibliometric analysis was performed with English language peer reviewed literature from the Scopus database together with mapping using the VOSviewer clustering software. The bibliometric results were structured to identify which affiliations, authors, and journals have been involved in brewing research, as well as the average number of citations per paper. The bibliometric mapping yielded ‘research term maps’, where the words occurring more frequently in the research papers were grouped in coloured clusters by area of interest, and their relationships indicated. The year maps revealed which average terms tended to emerge in chronological order. The estimated average citation number per paper was about nine. Countries, including Spain, Czech Republic, Italy and Belgium displayed higher average citation scores than the world average. In the period 1940-79, brewing publications were mainly process oriented whereas between 2008-18, there was a shift in focus to the consumer (health and social responsibility) and to environmental sustainability. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Green synthesis of porous Ni-silicate catalyst for hydrogen generation via ammonia decomposition

A simple synthetic method without organic template is proposed for the synthesis of Ni-silicate. The resulting Ni-phyllosilicates are reconstructed by hydrothermal treatment to a porous structure with a high surface area (552 m² g⁻¹). Notably, the residual filtrate has a Ni²⁺ ion content of less than 0.1 ppm, and therefore satisfies the effluent standard in Taiwan (<1.0 ppm). As a result, it can be disposed of directly without the need for additional treatment. The effects of the pH value and hydrothermal treatment time on the structure, morphology, and surface area of the Ni-silicate composites have been investigated. When applied to hydrogen production, the mesoporous Ni-silicate shows a high catalytic capability (>99%) toward ammonia decomposition at a temperature of 400°C. Overall, the proposed synthetic method is facile and easily extendable to the production of other metal-silicate materials for hydrogen generation.